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原文 | 翻訳 |
IRREGULAR'ITY.
Deviation
from an
established rule or straight line.
Irregularity of the Teeth.
"During the
shedding of the
teeth.'' says Mr.
Fox. “there are several
circumstances
which prevent the
permanent teeth from acquiring a regular position, and often give rise to very
great irregularity in their arrangement.
The most frequent cause is a
want of simultaneous action between the increase of the permanent teeth, and the
decrease of the temporary ones, by the absorption of their fangs. It rarely
happens that so much of the fang of a temporary tooth is absorbed as to permit
its removal by the efforts of the child, before the permanent tooth is ready to
pass through, on which account the new tooth takes an improper direction, and
generally comes through on the inside.
Cases are very frequent in which
scarcely any absorption of the fangs of the temporary teeth had taken place
previous to the appearance of several of the permanent teeth, and it often
happens, that upon the removal of the shedding teeth to give room for the
permanent ones, that no absorption of the fangs of the temporary teeth has taken
place.
Irregularity of the permanent
teeth is most commonly occasioned by the resistance made by the nearest
temporary teeth; this is always the case if the temporary teeth are small and
close set, for as the permanent incisores are much larger than the temporary,
they require more room; but as the space left by the shedding of the temporary
is too small for the regular position of the permanent, they are exposed to the
pressure of the next tooth, ans hence are frequently turned out of their
direction.
Another cause of the
irregularity of the teeth arises from the permanent teeth being too large for
the space occupied by the temporary ones; those parts of the jaw not being
sufficiently extended to permit a regular position of the new teeth; in this
case the irregularity is considerable, and occasions great deformity in the
appearance of the mouth. The incisores and cuspidate being much larger than
those of the chile, require room, for want of which they are turned out of their
proper positions. The central incisores are either placed obliquely with their
edges turned forwards, or they are pushed back, and stand between and behind the
central incisores and the cuspidate; the cuspidate are projected, occasioning
the lip to stand out with considerable prominence, and the bicuspids are placed
very irregularity.”
In addition to the above,
malformation of the jaws may be mentioned as another cause of irregularity. The
superior alveolar arch is sometimes too narrow, having a compressed appearance,
and projecting so as to prevent the upper lip from covering the front teeth. The
arch at other times is too broad, giving to the roof of the mouth a flattened
appearance, and causing the teeth to be separated from each other. The effect
upon the appearance of the individual in either of these cases, is bad, but
worse in the first than the last. The lower jaw is liable to similar faulty
configurations.
The disposition to defects
such as these, is observable in early childhood, and is regarded by most of
those who have treated of it, as hereditary, and more peculiar to the people of
some countries than others. Some attribute it to a rickety diathesis of the
gratuitous, as is shown by the fact, that most persons laboring under this
affection, have good palates and well developed jaws.
It cannot, therefore, with
any degree of propriety be regarded as having any agency in the production of a
faulty configuration of the jaws.
There is also another species
of deformity sometimes met with in the upper jaw, equally difficult of
explanation. It is characterized by one or more divisions of the upper lip,
alveolar border, and palatine arch, always giving rise to irregularity in the
arrangement of the teeth. This description of malformation is congenital.
Supernumerary teeth, too, may
be reckoned among the causes of irregularity. But examples of this sort are
comparatively of rare occurrence.
Irregularity of the Teeth,
treatment of.
The cases of
irregularity of the teeth are so various, and sometimes so complicated in their
nature, that the skill and ingenuity of the dentist are often put to the
severest test. Different cases require to be treated differently. It often
becomes necessary to vary the means employed in the same case, or to use
different appliances in different stages of the treatment; and the length of
time required for its accomplishment, is sometimes such as to call for a greater
amount of patience and practitioner, than every one can be prevailed upon to
exercise.
Mr. Fox says, "In all cases
of irregularity during the shedding of the teeth, the treatment to be observed
is to remove the obstructing temporary teeth, and then to apply pressure in the
most convenient manner upon the irregular tooth, in order to direct it into its
proper situation."
Again, he says, "In the
under jaw, when the growth of the permanent central incisores has exceeded the
absorption of the temporary ones, they grow up immediately behind them, in a
direction towards the tongue. These two new teeth are generally so broad as
nearly to cover the inner surface of the four temporary incisores. It will,
therefore, be necessary, in order 10 obtain room for these teeth, that the four
temporary iocisores be extracted. The new teeth will then gradually come
forward, in which they will naturally be assisted by the pressure of the tongue
of the child, and may be occasionlly helped by the finger of the parent or
nurse.
“If the temporary central
incisores have loosened, and come out previous 10 the appearance of the
permanent teeth, the space is seldom sufficiently wide. and the new teeth will
either grow up with their sides turned forward, or one will be placed before the
other. In tliis case the two lateral incisores must be taken out.
“When the permanent central
incisores have completely grown up, they occupy full two-thirds of the space,
which contained the four temporary incisores, therefore, when the permanent
lateral incisores appear, they are placed partly behind the centrals and the
temporary cuspidati; or they grow up with one corner turned forwards and the
other pointing backwards. ln either of these cases the temporary cuspidate must
be removed to give room."
This arrangement, is often,
though not always, forced upon the lateral incisores by want of room between the
centrals and cuspidati. The space between the last mentioned teeth is often
amply sufficient for the four incisores.
"The four permanent incisores,''
continues Mr. Fox, ''take up nearly the whole of the space of the temporary
incisores and cuspidati. The permanent cuspidati are large teeth, and when they
have not sufficient room. they occasion very great irregularity. Sometimes they
come through on the inside, but most commonly they cut the gum on the outside,
and project very much out of the circular line from the temporary incisores to
the temporary molars. In this case the necessity of the removal of the first
temporary molares is obvious."
Mr. F. here has evidently
mistaken the order of the eruption of the permanent teeth. The first temporary
molars and sometimes the second are replaced with bicuspides before the
caspidati appear, so that if the removal of any becomes necessary, to make room
for the last mentioned teeth, it will the first or second bicuspides, or even
the first permanent molares, if they are decayed, but as the former are smaller
than their predecessors, it is comparatively seldom that the sacrifice of any is
called for.
But, proceeds Mr. F., "it is not
very common that the bicuspides of the lower jaw are irregular, because the
temporary molares are generally removed before they appear; but when this is not
the case, they always come through the gums on the inside, pointing towards the
tongue, in which case the temporary molares must be removed, that the bicuspides
may rise into their proper situations.
"In the upper jaw the
permanent central incisores sometimes pass through the gums behind the temporary
ones; when this happens, the four temporary incisores must be extracted," if the
wrong direction taken by the former has resulted from want of room between the
latter, "and frequent pressure by the thumb should be applied to the new teeth,
in order to bring them forward as soon as possible, and prevent one of the cases
of irregularity most difficult to be remedied.
When the temporary central
incisores come out, the space is generally too narrow for the permanent ones,
and hence they are pressed into some shape of distortion. Their edges do not
assume the regular curve, but stand obliquely, or even sometimes one before the
other. Cases of this kind require the removal of the temporary lateral
incisores."
The practice recommended in the
last paragraph, is based upon the erroneous belief that the anterior part of the
jaw acquires no increase of dimensions after the dentition of the temporary
teeth. But the slight increase which takes place in this part of the alveolar
border and the yielding of the temporary lateral incisores, to the pressure of
the permanent centrals, the latter, in the majority of cases, acquire their
proper position in the arch. Therefore, it is only when they are forced to take
a wrong direction in their growth, for want of room between the temporary
lateral incisores, that these last should be extracted.
The permanent central
incisores are very broad; they occupy the greater part of 1he space of the four
temporary ones, and leave scarcely any room for the permanent lateral incisores;
on which account these latter teeth must grow very irregularly; they generally
pass through behind, being forced considerably backwards by the resistance of
the central incisores and the temporary cuspidati. Sometimes they pass though
edgeways, and now and then they project forwards. In any of these cases the
removal of the temporary cuspidate is absolutely necessary, and unless the
operation be timely performed, the irregularity is with difficulty remedied." A
temporary tooth, however, should not be extracted, except to make room for a
permanent one, or unless called for by some very pressing necessity. The
practice above recommended is based upon false theory.
But," adds Mr. Fox, "the
greatest deformity is generally occasioned by the want of room for the lateral
incisores and the cuspidati, and when too long neglected, usually becomes
permanent."
But with regard to the means
necessary for the prevention of irregularity, the reader is referred to the
article on Dentition, second, method of directing.
The varieties of irregularity to which the front teeth are subject, are
thus enumerated by Mr. Fox.
First, "When the permanent
incisores of the upper jaw have cut the gum behind the temporary teeth, and have
been suffered to remain until considerably advanced in growth, they always stand
so much inwards, that when the mouth is shut, the incisores of the under jaw
stand before them, which is always an obstacle to their acquiring regularity,
and occasions a great deformity. There are four states of this kind of
irregularity. The first, when one central incisor is turned in, and the under
teeth come before it, whilst the other central incisor keeps its proper place,
standing before the under teeth.
"The second is, when both
the central incisores are turned in, and go behind the under teeth; but the
lateral incisores stand out before the under teeth.
"The third variety is, when
the central incisores are placed properly, but the lateral incisores stand very
much in; and when the mouth is shut, the under teeth project before them and
keep them backward.
"The fourth is, when all the
incisores of the upper jaw are turned in, and those of the under jaw shut before
them. This is sometimes occasioned by too great a length of the under jaw, in
consequence of which it projects considerably more forward than the upper jaw.
But the majority of such cases originate entirely from neglect, and may be
completely remedied by early assistance."
It is also proper to state
that the cuspidati of the upper jaw present the same varie1y in deviating from
their proper position as the superior incisores, though it less frequently
happens that they come out behind the arch so as to strike on the inside of the
lower teeth, in the occlusion of the jaws.
The most proper time,
according to Mr. Fox, to effect an alteration in the position of a tooth, is
before the thirteenth or fourteenth year. The difficulty is certainly increased
by delaying it to a later period, though it may be done with safety at any time
before the eighteenth and often even before the twentieth or twenty-first year
of age, but as a general rule, the later a tooth is moved, the greater will be
the future susceptibility of the socket and gum around it to disease.
To bring an upper tooth
forward into the arch, which has come out so far behind it as to strike on the
inside of the lower teeth, “two objects," says Mr. Fox, "must be accomplished,
one to apply a force which shall act constantly upon the irregular tooth, and
bring it forward; the other, to remove that obstruction which the under teeth,
by coming before the upper, always occasions.
The first of these objects may
be attained by the application of an instrument adapted to the arch of the
mouth, which, being attached to some strong teeth on each side, will furnish a
fixed point in front, to which a ligature previously fastened on the irregular
tooth may be applied, and thus by occasionally renewing it, a constant pressure
is preserved, and the tooth may be drawn forward.
"The second object, that of
removing the resistance of the under teeth, must be attained by placing some
intervening substance between the teeth of the upper and under jaws, so as to
prevent them from completely closing, and be an obstruction to the coming
forwards of the irregular tooth.
"The instrument may be made
of gold or silver; it should be so strong as not easily to bend; if about the
sixteenth of an inch in breadth, and of a proportionate thickness, it will be
sufficiently firm. This bar of gold must be bent to the form of the mouth, and
should be long enough to reach to the temporary," or permanent "molares, which
are the teeth to which it is to be tied. Holes are to be drilled in it at those
places where ligatures are required, which will be on the parts opposed to the
teeth designed to be the fixed points, and, also, at the parts opposite to the
place where the irregular tooth or teeth are situated. Then to the bar a small
piece of ivory is to be connected,
by means of a little piece of gold which may be fastened to the ivory and
the bar by two rivets. This piece of ivory passes under the grinding surfaces of
the upper teeth, is kept there fixed, and prevents the teeth from closing, and,
consequently, takes off all obstruction in front.''
"The bar is to be attached
by a strong silk ligature to the teeth at the sides, so that, if possible, it
may remain tight as long as it is required; a ligature is then to be tied around
the irregular tooth, and the ends, being brought through the holes in the bar,
are to be tied in a firm knot. In two or three days this ligature must be
removed and a new one applied; the tooth will soon be perceived to move. A fresh
ligature must be used every three or four days, in order to keep up a constant
pressure, sufficiently powerful to bring the tooth into a line with the others.
"The same mode of treatment
is to be observed whether there be one, two, or three teeth growing in a similar
manner. The teeth are usually brought forwards in about a month or five weeks,
and as soon as they are so much advanced as to allow the under teeth to pass on
the inside, the piece of ivory may be removed, and the bar only be retained for
a few days, until the teeth are perfectly firm, which will prevent the accident
of the teeth again receding.”
"In cases where the
irregularity has been suffered to continue too long, no success can be expected
to follow attempts to remove it; we must content ourselves in the treatment of
these cases in adults, with taking away the most irregular teeth, and thus, as
much as possible, lessen the deformity."
Gold caps are now
substituted for the blocks or ivory recommended by Mr. Fox. These latter, when
well adapted to the teeth over which they are placed, are for preferable, as
they are less annoying to the patient, and can, consequently, be worn with less
inconvenience. The first permanent molares are the most suitable teeth to be
employed for the purpose. The second temporary molares, may, however, be used,
or if they have been molted and replaced with bicuspides, these will answer,
though less suitable than either of the others. When caps are used, it is not
necessary to attach them to the gold bar passing round the front teeth.
It is also proper to
remark, that the gold bar and caps should be removed, and the teeth thoroughly
cleansed, every time the ligatures are renewed. This is necessary to prevent the
teeth from being injured by the chemical action of the corrosive matter that
forms between them and the gold bar, caps, and ligatures.
Various other methods have
been proposed and adopted for the purpose or remedying irregularity of the
teeth. M. Delabarre recommends the employment of ligatures, so applied, as to
keep up a constant action upon the deviating teeth. Instead of using blocks of
ivory or gold to prevent the teeth from coming together, and forming a permanent
obstacle to the adjustment of a tooth which has come out so far back of the
dental circle, as to fall behind the lower teeth every time the mouth is closed,
he employs wire caps or grates placed upon two or the lower molares. This
treatment, if it were the most efficient, would, for several reasons, be
objectionable. In the first place, the ligatures, when applied so as to act upon
a deviating tooth, acts with equal force upon the adjoining teeth and moves them
just as far from their place, as it does the other toward the place it should
occupy. In the second place, it is difficult to apply it so as to prevent it
from coming in contact with, and irritating the gums. Thirdly, it cannot be made
to act with as much force when thus applied as when used in connection with the
gold bar. The fourth, and last objection, applies to the wire grates. These
cannot be fixed to the teeth as readily as either the ivory blocks or gold caps,
and such as could be conveniently employed for the purpose, would not interpose
a barrier sufficiently thick in all cases to prevent the front teeth from coming
together.
For remedying the
description of irregularity under consideration. M. Catalan proposes the
employment or an inclined plane, which may be made either of gold, or silver,
but the former is preferrable, as the latter is liable to corrode in the mouth,
fixed upon the lower teeth in such a way that it shall strike behind the
deviating teeth, at each occlusion of the jaws, and press them forward toward
the place they should occupy. When several of the upper front teeth have come
out behind the arch so as to fall behind the lower incisores, Catalan employs as
many inclined planes as there are deviating teeth. When only one tooth is behind
the circle of the lower teeth, a single inclined plane will be sufficient.
The gold frame or case
applied to the lower teeth, and to which the inclined plane is attached, should
be fitted with the nicest accuracy, and made to enclose one or both of the
bicuspides on each side. The cutting edges of the incisores and points of the
cuspidati need not be covered with it. Its adaptation, when applied, should be
such as to hold it firmly and securely in its place, and prevent the action of
the deviating tooth upon the inclined plane from jostling or moving it in the
least. It will be necessary, too, in adjusting one or more inclined planes to
this frame, so that they shall act upon the right points on the deviating teeth,
to have a plaster antagonizing model.
When this instrument
is employed, it, of course, is not necessary to interpose any substance between
the back teeth, and it is unquestionably the most efficient and powerful agent
that has ever been used for remedying this description of irregularity. But
before it is applied, it should be ascertained whether there be a sufficient
aperture in the dental circle for the reception of the deviating tooth, or
teeth, if there be more than one, and if there is not, more room should be
obtained by the removal of one of the bicuspids on each side, or the first
molars, if they be decayed. The tooth, too, which is to be brought forward,
should always be opposite the aperture it is intended it should occupy, before
it is submitted to the action of the inclined plane. Therefore, when it is
situated be moved with ligatures to a point directly behind the vacuity in which
it is intended it should be forced, by the inclined plane, before that is
applied.
It often happens, that
one or more of the teeth, though situated in the circle, stands obliquely or
transversely across it, so that its anterior and posterior surfaces present
laterally. All that is necessary in cases of this sort, it is simply to turn the
tooth or teeth, if there be more than one, partially round in their sockets. To
do this, M. Delabarre applies a gold cap to the twisted tooth, with he passes
round the adjoining teeth, and secures to the temporary molars or bicuspids on
either side, in such a manner as to make them act constantly in the direction
the tooth is to be turned. The author has found a gold ring, properly fitted to
the tooth, to answer better than a cap, for the reason that it is less annoying
to the patient. The object may sometimes be accomplished with ligatures alone.
In altering the
position of the tooth, ligatures of gum elastic are far preferable to silk.
It sometimes happens,
from excessive development of the lower incisores and alveolar border, that the
front teeth of the inferior maxillary shut over the corresponding teeth of the
superior, causing the chin to project and a bulging of the lower lip. This
species of deformity, however, is not always produced by the cause just stated.
It sometimes results from excessive development, or a partial dislocation of the
jaw. When from the former, the deformity can only be remedied by diminishing the
size of the dental arch, which is always a tedious and difficult operation,
requiring a vast amount of patience and perseverance on the part of the patient,
and much mechanical ingenuity and skill on the part of the dentist. The
appliances to be employed have, of necessity, to be more or less complicated,
requiring the most perfect accuracy of adaptation and neatness of execution;
they must also be worn for a long time, and as a natural consequence, are a
source of very considerable annoyance.
In the treatment of a
case of this sort, the first thing to be done, is to extract the first bicuspis
on each side of the jaw. By this means, a sufficient amount of room will be
obtained for the contraction, which it will be necessary to effect in the dental
arch for the accomplishment of the object. An accurate impression of the teeth
and alveolar ridge, should now be taken, in the manner described in another
article, with wax, previously softened in worm water. From this impression a
plaster model should next be procured, and afterwards a metallic model and
counter-model.
This done, a gold
plate of the ordinary thickness should be swedged up over the first and second
molars if the latter has made its appearance, and if not, over the second
bicuspis and first molar on each side of the jaw, so as completely to encase
these teeth. If these caps, on applying them to the teeth in the mouth, should
not be found thick enough to prevent the front teeth from coming together, a
piece of gold plate should be soldered on that part of each which covers the
grinding surface of the organ, and having proceeded thus far, a small gold knob
should be soldered on each side of each cap, and to each of which a ligature of
silk or gum elastic should be attached. These ligatures should now be brought
forward and tied tightly around the cuspidate. By this means the cuspidate may,
in fifteen or twenty days, be taken back to the second bicuspids; but, if in
their progress they are not carried towards the inner part of the alveolar
ridge, the outer ligatures may be left off after a few days, and the inner ones
only employed to complete the remainder of the operation.
After the position of
the cuspidate have been thus changed, the gold caps should be removed and a
circular bar of gold extending from one to the other, so constructed as to pass
about a quarter of an inch behind the incisores, should now be soldered at each
end to the inner side of each cap, and a hole made though it behind each of the
incisores, through which a ligature of the silk should be passed, and after it
is placed in the mouth, brought forward and tied tightly in front of each tooth.
These ligatures should be renewed every day until the strike on the inside of
the corresponding teeth in the upper jaw.
The author has never
known an apparatus of this description to be employed by any one but himself,
but in his practice it has proved more efficient than any contrivance which he
has ever used. But it is necessary that every part of the apparatus be
constructed with the most perfect accuracy, to ensure success and prevent, as
much as possible, the inconvenience necessarily resulting from the use of such
an appliance.
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IRREGULAR'ITY. 確立された規則または直線からの逸脱。 |
p.177
DENTAL
SURGERY. Chirurgia dentium. That branch of
medicine which has reference to the
treatment of the
diseases of the teeth and their connections, and which at the
same time embraces the prosthesis, or replacement of the loss, of these organs
with artificial substitutes. So remote is
the origin of dental surgery, and imperfect the records of ancient medicine,
that it cannot, at the present time, be traced with any degree of
accuracy. We learn, however, from HERODOTUS,
the
Grecian historian, that
when he went to Egypt, from his then comparatively barbarous
home, to learn
the sacred mysteries and the sciences in the world's earliest nursery
of learning
and civilization on the banks of the Nile, he found surgery and
medicine
divided into distinct profession. There were surgico-physicians for
the eye,
others for the ear, others for the teeth, and so on for the different
classes of
disease the appropriate professor was found. This division, by an
unalterable law of the human mind, would have given great skill and
efficiency to the
various practitioners, had not each been confined, under a penalty of
death, to
fixed prescriptions; but to what extent the remedies and modes of practice at this early
period of the world's history, were successful in the cure of disease, the
chasms made in the annals of ancient art and science, by the destruction of the
great Alexandrian library, must forever leave the world in ignorance.
p.178
During the time of HIPPOCRATES, who flourished
about three hundred and sixty years before the Christian era, it is evident that
little was known concerning the anatomy and physiology of the teeth, as is shown
by the fact, that this celebrated physician, in treating of these organs, calls
them, "A glutinous increment from the bones of the head and jaws, of which the
fatty part is dried by heat and burnt." In the fetus he says, "they are
nourished by the food of the mother, and after birth by the milk which the
infant sucks from the breast." He also describes a method that existed for a
long time previously to this period, of fastening teeth with gold wire, and he
recommends several dentifrices for cleaning the teeth, which evidently comprises
most that was known of the diseases and treatment of these organs at this epoch.
Although the writings of Aristotle show that the teeth
were not altogether overlooked by him, they, at the same time afford abundant
evidence that his knowledge of their anatomy and physiology was very meagre.
Man, he asserts, has more teeth than woman, and that this difference is found to
exist between the sexes of various animals, as in sheep, goats and pigs. In man,
he states, that only the front teeth change, and that the age of animals may be
ascertained by their teeth. Another of the errors propagated by this writer is,
that the teeth continue to grow in length during life.
ARETEUS,
in treating of tooth-ache, seems utterly at a loss to account for its cause, and
contents himself, by stating, that it was known only to God. But CELSUS,
who flourished during the first century of the Christian era, describes at some
length, the method of procedure for the extraction of teeth, and it is in his
writings that the first mention is made of filling the cavities of carious
teeth. He does not, however, recommend this operation for the purpose of
arresting the progress of disease, but merely to strengthen the walls of a
carious tooth, preparatory to extraction; an operation, he advises only as a
dernier or last resort, and for the purpose of preventing the necessity of it,
he recommends a variety of remedies for the cure of tooth-ache, as for example,
the actual cautery, hot oil, caustic medicines, &c., with a view of destroying
the vitality of the organ. But when extraction becomes indispensably necessary,
he says, if the tooth cannot be taken out with the hand, forceps must be used,
and for the removal of a root, after the crown has broken off, under the
forceps, he recommends the employment of an instrument, termed by the Greeks,
rizagra. It would also seem that the alveolar processes were frequently
fractured in the operation, and when an accident of this sort happened, he
directed that the broken bone should be removed with a vulsella. He also notices
some of the diseases of the gums, the loosening of the teeth, the eruption of
the permanent teeth behind the temporary, and some of the methods of treatment
laid down by him, are practiced even at the present day.
But the best writings of ancient times on the teeth,
now extant, are those of GALEN, who wrote in the second century after Christ,
after having enjoyed the medical advantages offered by that eldest and most
splendid of libraries which was so soon afterwards doomed to the flames by the
hand of barbarian power, This writer describes the teeth as being formed during
intra-uterine life, though they remain concealed in the alveoli until after
birth. He also gives a very minute description of the forms, functions and
evolutions of these organs.
p.179
The art of dentistry was cultivated by Greece and Rome,
during their most palmy days of splendor and prosperity, chiefly in aid of the
charms of beauty, and hence, so far as the paucity of medical works which have
been handed down from these nations, enables us to determine, was principally
confined to the replacement of the loss of the natural organs with artificial
substitutes. Dentistry, in fact, does not seem to have made much progress for
many centuries; for, when vandalism shut down upon the world, and learning
itself was hidden in the gloom of the dark ages, then every torchlight of
science feebly glimmering over the waste of ignorance and superstition, and
every star that shown in the moral and scientific horizon, were quenched in that
chill night of ages which threw its deadly penumbra over the world.
During this pause in the vitality of learning.
Dentistry fared no worse than any other science. Demonology and the curative art
were antagonistic, and the cabalistic mummery of gloomy and monastic ascetics
was called in, to eradicate pain and disease, by the aid of charms and
incantations.
From the time of Galen, until the sixteenth century,
few traces of the art of dentistry, are to be found among the records of
medicine. In connection with the anatomy of the teeth, AETIUS mentions the fact
that they have an opening in their roots for the admission of small nerves,
which he regards as the reason, that these organs are the only bones which are
liable to become painful, and RHAZES has described, though very imperfectly, the
process of dentition, but with regard to the replacement of the loss of the
natural teeth, ALBUCASIS is said to have been the first to teach that it might
be done, either with other human teeth, or with substitutes made from bone.
VESALIUS,
who has been styled the restorer of human anatomy, and author of "De Corporis
Humani Fabrica," published at Basil, in 1543, describes the temporary teeth as
constituting the germs of the permanent teeth—an error into which some other of
the older writers have fallen. EUSTACHIUS, however, may be regarded as
the first to have given any thing like a correct description of the number,
growth and different forms and varieties of the teeth. He describes their
condition and arrangement in the jaws previous to their eruption, and refutes
the erroneous opinion that the roots of the temporary serve as germs for the
permanent teeth. URBAIN HEMARD, also a writer of the sixteenth century,
gave a very good description of the teeth of both dentitions, both before and
after their eruption. He also points out the differences between them and other
bones, and describes their diseases. About the time Hemard's Researches upon the
teeth made their appearance in France, a memoir upon the teeth was published in
Germany, another in Spain, and another in Switzerland. The first was written by
G. H. RYFF, and published in 1587; but this is not a work of much merit;
the second was written by F. M. CASTRILLO, and published at Madrid in
1557, and the other by E. ERASTRUS, was published at Bale, in 1595.
But it was not until near three hundred years ago,
about the time of the revival of letters, that AMBROSE PARE, in his
celebrated work on Surgery, gave evidence of the vitality of dentistry amidst
the awakening
chaos of ancient science and erudition, that the treatment of the diseases of
the teeth began to attract much attention. His remarks upon this subject were
only a promise of what the present age is fulfilling in this department of
physical alleviation, for they are intermixed with numerous absurdities
and
improbabilities, which half awakened science had not yet shaken off, as she was
slowly arousing herself for her final, her noblest triumphs.
Paré maintains that the teeth, "like other bones,
suppurated, and were subject to inflammation; the breeding of worms," &c. In
treating of the extraction of teeth, he says: "For the better plucking out of
the tooth, the patient should be placed in a low seat, bending back his head
between the tooth-drawer's legs; then the tooth-drawer should deeply scarify
about the tooth, separating the gums therefrom, and then, if spoiled, as it
were, of the wall of the gums, it grow loose, it must be shaken and thrust out
by forcing it with a three-pointed lever, but if it stick in too fast, and will
not stir at all, then the tooth must be taken hold of with some of the toothed
forceps, now one, then another, as the greatness, figure, and sight shall seem
to require," &c. Unless the operator is skilful, he says, he may remove three,
and, sometimes, leave untouched the one which caused the pain.
p.180
On the replacement of the loss of these organs, he
observes, "Teeth artificially made of bone or ivory may be put in the place of
those that are wanting; and they must be joined one fast unto another, and,
also, fastened unto the natural teeth adjoining that are whole; and this must
chiefly be done with a thread of gold or silver, or, for want of either, with a
common thread of silk or flax, as it is declared at large by Hippocrates."
SCALIGER
denies that the teeth have any sensation, and believes them to be, in this
respect, analogous to the nails; while KERKRING says they are similar to
other bones. Concerning the structure of the teeth, MALPIGHI asserts that
they consist of two parts; the interior, which is a bony lamella, consisting of
a fibrous network; but among the writers of the seventeenth century, LEEUWENHOEK,
upon this subject, is, by far, the most explicit and satisfactory, and many of
his microscopical observations have been shown by the researches of later
writers to be very nearly correct. He distinctly promulgates the doctrine of the
tubular structure of the bony part of these organs.
But it is to PIERRE FAUCHARD, that we are
indebted for the first systematic Treatise on Dental Surgery, which was
published in France in 1728. This work, making two 12mo volumes, and,
altogether, about nine hundred closely printed pages, gives a minute description
of all that was known, at that period, of the anatomy, physiology and pathology
of the teeth and their connections, as well as the various practical details
connected with the treatment of the diseases of the mouth and the application of
artificial teeth, palatine obturators, &c. But dental operations, even at this
time, were performed in a very rude and bungling manner.
But, although a number of works were contributed to the
literature of dental surgery, and among which we should not omit to mention
those of BUNON, LECLUSE, JOURDAIN, BOURDET,
HERISSANT and BERDMORE, but with the exception of the original
suggestions of these authors, few improvements were made in practice until
towards the close of the eighteenth century. Paré wrote in 1579, and in 1771,
JOHN HUNTER, wrote the first, and in 1778, the second part of his Treatise
on the Teeth, on which the broad and firm foundation of the English school of
dentistry was laid. This has, subsequently, been improved and beautified by
BLAKE, Fox, KOECKER, BELL, NASMYTH and other
distinguished men of the dental profession.
What that eminent anatomist and surgeon, John Hunter,
was to the English school of dental surgery, BICHAT was to the French
modern school, as he, with others equally philosophic, taught that no theory
should be received, however plausible, which could not be proven by
demonstration. Neither Hunter nor Bichat were practical dentists, but the mighty
energy of their minds embraced the dental with the other branches of surgery;
and the principles of physiology and pathology at large included this important
branch, and revealed the connection and sympathies of the teeth with the entire
frame work of man. BLANDIN, Bichat's editor, although not a practical dentist,
was much better acquainted with the science of the teeth than Bichat himself;
and Cuvier's extensive researches into osteology, as well as the arcana of
nature at large, all, all came in to aid the French dental surgeons: SERRES,
DELABARRE, F. CUVIER, ROUSSEAU, MAURY, LEFOULON,
and DESIRABODE, have illustrated the modern improvements of the art and
science, building, as they have, on the foundation laid years before, by
FAUCHARD, BUNON, BOURDET, LECLUSE, JOURDAIN, HERRISANT, BAUME,
LAFORGUE, and others.
p.181
It would, doubtless, be interesting to the dental
student, if we were to trace more in detail, the progress of this branch of
surgery through the eighteenth century, but the limits to which we have
restricted this article will not permit us to do so. Although it advanced
steadily during almost the whole of this period, its progress has been, by far,
more rapid since the commencement of the present century. Profiting by the
experience of the past, as well as by the spirit of enterprise and improvement
now rapidly diffusing itself abroad over the whole civilized world, nerving the
energies of mind for new and greater achievements in every department of science
and art, and animated by a spirit of noble emulation, many practitioners of
dental surgery have devoted themselves to its cultivation with an enthusiasm and
zeal which have enabled them to overcome every difficulty and to arrive, almost,
at the highest summit of professional excellence.
The publication in France, in 1802, of a work by
Laforgue, on the Theory and Practice of the Art of the Dentist, was followed, in
1805, by a work, written by GARIOT, on the Diseases of the Mouth, published,
1806, and by an elaborate Treatise, written by Prof. Baume, on First Dentition,
and the Diseases that accompany it. In the same year a work, written by LEROY,
(de la Faudiguere,) on the Diseases of the Gums, was published, and a Treatise,
entitled, Manual of the Art of the Dentist, written by JOURDAIN and MAGGIOLO,
was issued from the press in 1807. But besides the above named work by Laforgue,
the author of it has written a number of articles on the Diseases of the Teeth,
which were published in 1808, and a Dissertation on First Dentition, published
in 1809. About the same time, a well written work, from the pen of Duval was
published, who is, also, the author of several other works, one on Second
Dentition, published in 1820, and another on Mechanical Dentistry, published in
1828, besides several small Essays.
The next work which we propose to notice is from the
pen of C. F. Delabarre, and is entitled Odontology, which was published in
1815.-In 1819, a work from the same author, was issued
A Manual on the
Anatomy and Physiology of the Teeth, and a Treatise on Dental Physiology,
Pathology, and Therapeutics, both written by LEMAIR, were published, the first,
1816, and the last in 1822. In 1819, a Treatise on the Anatomy and Physiology of
the Teeth, and Dentition, written by Serres, was also issued from the press.
It may also be
well to mention in this place, that during the first fifteen or twenty years of
the present century, a number of pamphlets and essays on the manufacture of
mineral artificial teeth, were published in France, and in 1821, quite an
elaborate treatise upon the same subject, written by AUDIBRAN, made its
appearance. The credit of the invention of these teeth is ascribed by some to
DUCHATEAU, an apothecary of St. Germain, but the claim of a dentist by the name
of N. DE CHEMANT to it, was so fully established that royal letters patent were
granted him both in France and England. Although these teeth were manufactured
in France as early as the year 1788, they were not brought to a sufficient
degree of perfection, to completely supersede the use of animal substances for
artificial teeth, until about the year 1833, when the improvements made in the
United States obviated most of the objections that had previously existed to
their employment. At present, they are decidedly preferred by dentists to every
other description of artificial teeth. The introduction of the use of mineral
artificial teeth was the commencement of a new era in dental prosthesis, for,
although it was a long time before they were brought to sufficient perfection to
render them desirable substitutes for the natural organs, yet it gave an impetus
to improvement in this department which has been attended with the most happy
and salutary results.
p.182
Although interesting only in a physiological point of
view, the work of F. Cuvier, which treats on the Teeth of Mammiferous Animals,
and their Zoological Characters, should not be passed without notice. It was
published in 1825, and contains one hundred plates. It is one of the richest
contributions to the science of odontology, which had, at the period of its
publication, appeared.
MIEL, in 1826, gave to the dental profession a well
written and valuable work on the Art of Directing Second Dentition. In 1828, a
splendid work, illustrated by thirty beautiful plates, on the Comparative
Anatomy of the Teeth of Man and other Animals, by Rousseau, was issued from the
press, and eight years previous to this time, small treatise, by the same
author, on First and Second Dentition, was published. But the best work on
practical dentistry, which had appeared in France, at the period of its
publication in 1833, is from the pen of F. MAURY. In 1836, a valuable treatise,
by professor BLANDIN, on Dental Anatomy, was published. This work deserves to be
ranked among the first upon the subject on which it treats.
In 1841, a work, by LEFOULON, on the Theory and
Practice of Dental Surgery, made its appearance. A Treatise on Irregularity of
the Teeth by SCHANGE, was published in 1842. But the best elementary work on the
Science and Art of Dental Surgery, which has appeared in France, is from the
pens of DESIRABODE & SONS. It occupies upwards of eight hundred pages, and has
passed through two editions. The last was published in Paris in 1845. It treats
on almost every subject coming within the province of the dental surgeon.
To the foregoing works, many more might be added, but
those which we have already noticed will suffice to show the progress which the
science and art of dental surgery has made in France since the commencement of
the present century. The French have written much upon the subject, and have
contributed largely to its advancement. They were its earliest, and, for a long
time, its most zealous cultivators. For the assiduity with which they have
studied its principles, the ingenuity and talent they have brought to its aid,
and the energy and zeal with which they have applied themselves to the
development of its resources, they are entitled to the highest praise.
Leaving the French school, we shall proceed to examine
very briefly the progress which dental surgery has made in Great Britain, during
the same period. The publication of Dr. Robert Blake's Inaugural Dissertation on
the Structure of the Teeth in Man and various Animals at Edinburg, in 1798, was
followed in 1803 by the first part of Fox's celebrated Treatise on the Natural
History and Diseases of the Human Teeth, and in 1806, by the second part. Both
of the above works hold a deservedly high place in the literature of this
department of medicine; they have been quoted by almost every subsequent writer,
but the latter, as having more of a practical character, has been more
extensively read than the former, and that portion of it which treats on the
anatomy and physiology of the teeth, ranks, even now, among the best works
extant upon the subject. But the doctrine that all of the diseases of the teeth
are analogous to those of other bones, as more distinctly promulgated to the
dental profession than had been done by any previous author, although even now
maintained by several very able European writers, has subsequently been very
conclusively shown to be erroneous. The publication of this work, however, at
once gave to the subject, as a branch of the healing art, an importance, which
it had never before had, and awakened a spirit of inquiry which soon led to the
adoption of a more correct system of practice than had hitherto been pursued.
p.183
Four years after the publication of the second part of
Mr. Fox's work, a small Treatise on the Structure, Formation, and Management of
the Teeth, by FULLER, was issued from the press. The year following, a work
written by MURPHY, on the Natural History of the Human Teeth, with a treatise on
their diseases, from infancy to old age, was published. But as both of the last
mentioned works were chiefly designed for the popular reader, they did not,
either in a scientific or practical point of view, contribute much to the
advancement of dental surgery. Two other works of a somewhat similar character
were published, one in 1819, and the other in 1823. The first was written by MR.
BEW, and the last by GERBAUX.
But the best
treatise on dental pathology and therapeutics which had come from the English
press at the period of its publication in 1826, is from the pen of LEONARD
KOECKER, M. D., and is entitled, Principles of Dental Surgery, and the dental
profession are indebted to the same author for two other works, one on the
diseases of the jaws, published in 1828, and the other on Artificial Teeth,
published in 1835.
In 1827, MR. FAY published a description of a mode of
using forceps, invented by himself, for the extraction and excision of teeth. It
is hardly necessary to say that the advantages proposed to be gained by the last
named operation have not been realized. In 1831, a small treatise written by J.
P. CLARK, was published. But one of the most popular works that has yet appeared
in England, is from the pen of MR. THOMAS BELL, an able and highly accomplished
writer. This work was published in 1830, and in 1831, it was followed by a work
on Operative Dental Surgery, written by MR. SNELL, but previously to this
period, a small work, entitled the Surgeon Dentist's Manual, by G. WAITE, had
made its appearance, as well as several other small treatises. Mr. Waite is also
the author of a well written treatise on the structure and diseases of the gums.
In 1835, Mr. Jobson gave to the profession a treatise on the Anatomy and
Physiology of the Teeth, and four years after the publication of this work, a
treatise, written by Mr. Robertson, made its appearance, in which the Chemical
Theory of Dental Caries, is ably advocated.
In 1839, an Historical Introduction, to Researches on
the Development, Structure, and Diseases of the Teeth, by A. NASMYTH, was issued
from the press, embodying the views, as well as the result of the researches of
almost every writer of note, upon the subject. Mr. Nasmyth is also the author of
three Memoirs on the Development and Structure of the Teeth and Epithelium,
which were published in 1841. These contain the result of a series of highly
interesting microscopical observations made by the author upon these subjects,
and constitute a rich contribution to the science of odontology. It is proper to
mention in this connection, that a highly interesting and ably written paper on
the Development of the Pulps and Sacs of the Human Teeth, written by MR.
GOODSIR, was published in the January No. for 1839, of the Edinburg Medical and
Surgical Journal.
p.184
In 1841, a small Treatise on the Structure, Economy and
Pathology, of the Teeth, written by Mr. Lintot, made its appearance, and soon
after, a small work on the Extraction of Teeth, by Mr. Clendon. In 1845, the
publication, which had been commenced in 1840, of an elaborate and very ably
written Treatise on the Comparative Anatomy of the Teeth of vertebrate animals,
by professor Owen, was completed. In this work, which is entitled Odontography,
the physiological relations, mode of development, and microscopical structure of
the teeth, are minutely described. It is also illustrated by up-wards of one
hundred and sixty splendid lithographic plates, which, with the text, forms two
large imperial octavo volumes.
Several valuable contributions to the literature of
this branch of medicine have been made by Dr. E. Saunders, and among them are a
series of Lectures on the Anatomy, Physiology and Diseases of the Teeth,
delivered at St. Thomas' Hospital, and published in the London Forceps; and a
pamphlet of about eighty pages, entitled, the Teeth, a Test of Age. In 1846 and
'7, a course of Lectures upon Dental Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and
Therapeutics, delivered by Mr. Tomes at the Middlesex Hospital, were published
in the London Medical Gazette. But one of the best practical manuals upon dental
surgery which has come from the English press is from the pen of Dr. James
Robinson. It was published in 1846.
Many other works might be added to the list of
publications on the teeth, which have been published in Great Britain since the
commencement of the present century, but as most of them were intended for the
general, rather than the professional, reader, we have not thought it necessary
to extend the length of this article by mentioning them. With the increase of
the literature of the Science and Art of Dental Surgery in Great Britain the
improvements in practice have fully kept pace. The ranks of the profession for
twenty-five or thirty years, have been rapidly filling with men no less
distinguished for scientific attainments than for practical skill.
In Germany, dental surgery, though its progress has
been less rapid there than in France and Great Britain, has attracted
considerable attention. Few works, however, of much merit have emanated from
that country since the commencement of the present century. There are two,
however, published at Berlin, particularly worthy of notice - one in 1803, and
the other in 1842. The first of these works, written by SERRE, treats of dental
operations and instruments, and forms on octavo volume of nearly six hundred
pages, illustrated with upwards of thirty plates. The last is by C. J. and J.
LINDERER, and treats of Dental Anatomy, Physiology, Materia Medica and Surgery,
forming an octavo volume of about five hundred pages, illustrated with several
plates. Both of the last mentioned treatises, are very creditable productions.
But, not-withstanding the merit possessed by a few of the German works upon the
teeth, practical dentistry has not attained as high a degree of perfection
generally in the German states and provinces, as it has in some other countries.
The researches of PROFESSOR RETZUIS, of Sweden, have
excited much attention in Europe, and though they do not go to confirm previous
opinions with regard to the minute structure of the teeth, they have
nevertheless thrown much valuable light upon the subject. These researches are
both curious and interesting, and consist of microscopic examinations of the
teeth of man and other animals, conducted upon an extensive scale, and would
seem to prove the structure of these organs to be tubular. The account given of
these researches by the author, has been translated into English, and are
embodied in Nasmyth's Historical Introduction, which has already been noticed.
p.185
Having now glanced very briefly at the progress of the
science and art of dental surgery, in most of the principal countries of Europe,
we shall proceed to notice their introduction and growth in the United States.
It has been generally supposed, that it was during our
revolutionary struggle for independence, that the first knowledge of dental
surgery was introduced into this country, and that the first dentist in the
United States, was a man by the name of LE MAIR, who accompanied the French army
which came over to our aid during that period. But this is not the fact. Mr. R.
Wooffendale came over from England to New York, in 1766, and remained in this
country some months, practicing in New York and Philadelphia, but not meeting
with much encouragement, he returned to England in 1768. But, soon after the
arrival of Le Mair, a dentist by the name of WHITLOCK came over from England. It
was, therefore, from Wooffendale, Le Mair and Whitlock, that dental surgery may
be said to have had its origin in the United States. But as yet, so far as the
author has been able to ascertain, no regular treatise upon the subject had
found its way to this country. With regard to the professional abilities of Le
Mair and Whitlock, little is known, but it is probable they were limited, and
that their practice consisted chiefly in constructing artificial teeth from
blocks of ivory.
It is believed, however, that MR. JAS. GARDETTE, a
surgeon from the French navy, was the first medically educated dentist in the
United States. He came to New York in 1783, and the following year went to
Philadelphia, where he soon secured a high reputation by his professional skill
and gentlemanly deportment, which he retained during an eminently successful
career of upwards of forty years.
MR. JOHN GREENWOOD, however, it is believed, was the
first regular native American dentist. He commenced practice in New York, about
the year 1778, and is said to have been the only dentist in that city in the
year 1790. Possessed of great energy of character and ingenuity of mind, he
rapidly acquired reputation in the profession. But Mr. Greenwood did not remain
long alone in the profession in New York. About the year 1796, Mr. Wooffendale,
of London, came to the United States and commenced practice in this city. About
the year 1805, Dr. Hudson, of Dublin, commenced the practice of dental surgery
in Philadelphia, where he soon acquired skill and reputation which he enjoyed
for upwards of twenty years, when death put a stop to his professional career.
But about five years previously to the last mentioned period, Dr. H. H. Hayden
commenced practice in Baltimore, and being possessed of an inquiring mind, he
soon availed himself of the advantages of most of the best European works upon
the physiology and pathology of the teeth, which had been written. In 1807, Dr.
Koecker commenced practice in the same city, but in a short time, moved to
Philadelphia, where he remained until 1822, when he went to London, where he has
since continued to exercise the duties of his profession. But before he left the
United States, he had acquired a justly deserved high reputation for skill in
the treatment of the diseases of the mouth. In the mean time, many others had
entered the profession, but instead of contributing to the advancement of
correct practice, they rather had a tendency to retard its progress, and bring
odium upon the calling, as they were for the most part ignorant of those
branches of knowledge, which it is so important for a dental surgeon to possess.
But the number of dental practitioners in the United States, at the last
mentioned period, was by no means great, and even as late as 1820, the number in
this country, did not greatly exceed one hundred. From this time, however, they
began to increase more rapidly, and although few of those who assumed the
calling, did so with the necessary preparatory education, the zeal and ability
with which this branch of medicine was cultivated by a few, hastened it on to-
wards perfection with astonishing and unexampled rapidity. Practical dentistry,
in all its branches began to assume a perfection to which it had never before,
in any country, attained.
p.186
In 1830, the number of dentists in the United States,
according to the best information upon the subject, was about three hundred, but
of these, it is true, perhaps, that not more than forty or fifty had attained
much practical excellence. The portals to the profession then, as now, were open
to the ignorant, as well as to the educated, and in consequence of this, its
numbers multiplied rapidly. In the course of five years from the time last
mentioned the number of dentists in the United States had more than doubled.
But an event was now approaching in the history of
dental surgery in the United States, which gave to its progress a new and
unexpected impetus. The publication of the American Journal and Library of
Dental Science was commenced in 1839. This was the rising of the morning star of
improvement which was soon followed with more palpable evidences of the approach
of day-light to the scattered members of the profession, who had hitherto toiled
in comparative obscurity, almost unknown to each other and to the world. This
publication aroused the energies of many, who had learned the science in years
of toil, but who had not before found any appropriate medium through which to
communicate their knowledge to the profession.
The formation of the American Society of Dental
Surgeons, soon followed the establishment of this periodical, and at its second
annual meeting, an arrangement was made with its publishers, by which it became
both the property and the organ of the association. Since then, the agency of
the Journal in recording the transactions of the society, in presenting the
papers and the addresses read before it at its annual meetings, the discoveries
and improvements in the art, as well as in the diffusion of the knowledge of
foreign acquirements in this branch of surgery — has marked it as the chief ally
of the society in the elevation of the profession, and in giving vigor to its
associated efforts for the advancement of the science. The fact that it has
become a medium of intercommunication between its members, and the repository of
valuable information, should commend it to the members of the dental profession
generally.
But a few months previous to the institution of the
American Society of Dental Surgeons, the legislature of Maryland chartered a
college with four professorships, for the purpose of affording more ample
facilities of instruction in the branches of knowledge necessary to the
education of an accomplished dentist, than could be furnished by any
private teacher, and thus securing to the public a sure guaranty against
the impositions of empiricism. The
object of this institution is, to give those who receive its instructions, a
thorough medico-dental education, so that when they enter upon the active duties
of the profession, they may be enabled to practice it, not alone as a mere
mechanical art, but upon sound scientific principles, as a regular branch of
medicine. While the head is being educated in such branches of general medicine
and surgery, as is deemed necessary to a successful practitioner in this
department, and in the principles proper of dentistry, the fingers of the
student, are, at the same time, regularly drilled every day in the various
mechanical manipulations belonging to it, so that those who graduate in the
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, go out with advantages that can seldom be
obtained from private instruction. This fact, it is believed, will ever connect
the destinies of the institution with the welfare of the profession in this
country. A similar institution has recently been established at Cincinnati,
Ohio.
p.187
Since the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, and the
American Society of Dental Surgeons, went into operation, four local
associations of dentists have been formed, one in the Mississippi valley, one in
Virginia, the third in Pennsylvania, and the fourth in New York.
In 1842, there were about fourteen hundred dentists in
the United States, and now (1848) there are upwards of two thousand. But it is a
source of regret that many are without any of the qualifications necessary for
the exercise of the duties of so nice and difficult an art. But, notwithstanding
all the discouraging circumstances which have and do still attend the progress
of dental surgery in the United States, its growth has been astonishingly rapid.
Fifteen years ago, an accomplished dentist might have been pardoned the thought
that his art had arrived at perfection; but great improvements have been made in
this department of surgery within that time, and who shall say that the
succeeding fifteen years shall not be as pregnant with improvements as the past.
Although the United States may not have contributed as
much to the literature of this branch of medicine as Europe, dental surgery has,
nevertheless, progressed with as much rapidity here as there, and the works of
American authors upon this subject, would suffer little, if at all, by
comparison with similar publications of other countries. But few elementary
treatises on the subject have ever been published any where, and of those
purporting to be such, which have appeared during the last fifteen or twenty
years, American dentists have contributed their full share.
Among the works on the teeth which have emanated from
the press of this country, it may be well to mention the following: in 1819, a
work entitled, a Practical Guide to the Management of the Teeth, by L. S.
Parmly, was published in New York, and another work from the pen of the same
author, on the Natural History and Management of the Teeth, made its appearance
in 1821.
In 1822, a small work on the Disorders and Treatment of
the Teeth, written by Dr. Eleazar Parmly, was published in New York and London.
A small Treatise on the Structure, Formation, Diseases and Treatment of the
Human Teeth, by Dr. J. F. Flagg, was published in Boston in 1822. In 1828, an
Essay on the Structure or Organization and Nourishment of the Human Teeth, from
the pen of Dr. J. Trenor, was published, and in 1829, a Treatise of upwards of
five hundred pages, entitled, a System of Dental Surgery, in three parts,
written by Dr. S. S. Fitch, was issued from the press. The first part, treats of
Dental Surgery as a Science; the second, on Operative Dental Surgery, and the
third, on Pharmacy, connected with Dental Surgery. This is the largest and most
comprehensive work which had, at the time of its publication, appeared. In 1835,
a second, and improved, edition was issued from the press.
In 1833, a poem by Dr. S. Brown, with notes by Dr. E.
Parmly, entitled, Dentologia, was published. Dr. Brown is also the author of a
poem, entitled, Dental Hygiea, published in 1838, and of a series of articles on
Mechanical Dentistry, published in the American Journal of Dental Science. A
year after the publication of the second edition of Dr. Fitch's System of Dental
Surgery, a popular Treatise, entitled, Guide to Sound Teeth, by Dr. S. Spooner,
made its appearance. In 1839, a practical Treatise on Dental Surgery, of nearly
four hundred octavo pages, by the author, was issued from the press, which has
subsequently, been enlarged to seven hundred and fifty-two pages, and passed
through two other editions, under the title of Principles and Practice of Dental
Surgery. The last edition was published in January, 1848. In 1843, a treatise on
the Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of the Teeth and Gums, &c. by Dr. Paul
Beck Goddard, was issued from the press, and two years after, a popular treatise
on the Teeth, by Dr. Robert Arthur.
p.188
The author would not omit to mention in this
connection, that since the commencement of the publication of the American
Journal and Library of Dental Science, four other periodicals devoted to the
interests of dental surgery have been established, namely: The Dental
Intelligencer; the New York Dental Recorder; the Dental News Letter and the
Dental Register of the West. In all of which some excellent articles upon the
teeth have appeared.
In thus briefly glancing at the rise and progress of
dental surgery, the author has necessarily been compelled to avoid entering into
details of particular modes of practice, and of improvements and inventions,
which have, from time to time, been made, as well as of an analysis of the works
which have been mentioned, for, if he had done so, it would have swelled the
present article to a size wholly incompatible with the design of a work like the
present.
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